Merge sort combines sorted runs into larger runs.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 | #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <stdint.h> #include <limits.h> #include <errno.h> // Merge Sort in C // // PURPOSE // Merge sort combines sorted runs into larger runs. The bottom-up form avoids recursion and // guarantees predictable worst-case performance. // // METHOD // Merge adjacent runs of width one into a temporary buffer, copy back, then double the // width. Each pass leaves runs of twice the previous width sorted. // // COMPLEXITY // O(n log n) time and O(n) auxiliary space. Stable because ties are taken from the left run. // // CONTRACT // Sorts n elements ascending in place; returns 0. Empty input is valid. Uses a temporary // buffer. // Public APIs infer array lengths except in C, which accepts pointer/length pairs. Vertex // counts and matrix dimensions remain explicit. Arrays must contain signed 32-bit integers. // Sorted order, correct tree topology, and caller-owned data-structure invariants are // preconditions; checking them on every query would change query complexity. // Scalar and shape checks are included. Value-range checks are included where needed to // prevent invalid indexing or nontermination. Allocation sizes are capped at 4,000,000 // workspace entries. Arithmetic outside Python raises an error on 32-bit overflow; Python // uses arbitrary precision. Native allocation failures propagate. In-place outputs may be // partly updated after arithmetic failure. These are single-threaded, in-memory // implementations. // // LANGUAGE DETAILS // C99: checked calloc/free workspace, const input pointers, explicit size_t lengths. Errors // return INT_MIN with errno=EINVAL, ERANGE, or ENOMEM. Check errno before using a result. // Input/output arrays must not alias. No variable-length stack arrays. // // EXAMPLE // Expected return: 0. // Expected a after call: [1, 1, 3, 5]. // Run: gcc -std=c99 -O2 example.c -o example && ./example // Tests for this exact source artifact run before publication. The accompanying source // archive includes unit cases, runtime results, and source hashes. static int alg_min(int a, int b) { return a < b ? a : b; } static int alg_max(int a, int b) { return a > b ? a : b; } static int alg_checked(int64_t v, int *error) { if (v < INT_MIN || v > INT_MAX) { *error = 1; return 0; } return (int)v; } static int alg_add(int a, int b, int *e) { return alg_checked((int64_t)a+b,e); } static int alg_sub(int a, int b, int *e) { return alg_checked((int64_t)a-b,e); } static int alg_mul(int a, int b, int *e) { return alg_checked((int64_t)a*b,e); } int merge_sort(int *a, size_t a_length) { int alg_error = 0; int alg_result = INT_MIN; errno = 0; int *buf = NULL; if (a_length > 1000000 || (a_length && !a)) { errno = EINVAL; alg_result = INT_MIN; goto alg_cleanup; } int n = (int)a_length; if (alg_error) { errno = ERANGE; alg_result = INT_MIN; goto alg_cleanup; } if (!(((n >= 0) && (n <= 1000000)))) { errno = EINVAL; alg_result = INT_MIN; goto alg_cleanup; } if (alg_error) { errno = ERANGE; alg_result = INT_MIN; goto alg_cleanup; } if (!(((int)a_length == n))) { errno = EINVAL; alg_result = INT_MIN; goto alg_cleanup; } if (alg_error) { errno = ERANGE; alg_result = INT_MIN; goto alg_cleanup; } { int alg_length = alg_add(n, 1, &alg_error); if (alg_error) { errno = ERANGE; alg_result = INT_MIN; goto alg_cleanup; } if (alg_length < 0 || alg_length > 4000000) { errno = EINVAL; alg_result = INT_MIN; goto alg_cleanup; } buf = calloc((size_t)(alg_length ? alg_length : 1), sizeof(*buf)); if (!buf) { errno = ENOMEM; alg_result = INT_MIN; goto alg_cleanup; } } int width = 1; if (alg_error) { errno = ERANGE; alg_result = INT_MIN; goto alg_cleanup; } int left = 0; if (alg_error) { errno = ERANGE; alg_result = INT_MIN; goto alg_cleanup; } int mid = 0; if (alg_error) { errno = ERANGE; alg_result = INT_MIN; goto alg_cleanup; } int right = 0; if (alg_error) { errno = ERANGE; alg_result = INT_MIN; goto alg_cleanup; } int i = 0; if (alg_error) { errno = ERANGE; alg_result = INT_MIN; goto alg_cleanup; } int j = 0; if (alg_error) { errno = ERANGE; alg_result = INT_MIN; goto alg_cleanup; } int k = 0; if (alg_error) { errno = ERANGE; alg_result = INT_MIN; goto alg_cleanup; } while (1) { int alg_condition = (width < n); if (alg_error) { errno = ERANGE; alg_result = INT_MIN; goto alg_cleanup; } if (!alg_condition) break; left = 0; if (alg_error) { errno = ERANGE; alg_result = INT_MIN; goto alg_cleanup; } while (1) { int alg_condition = (left < n); if (alg_error) { errno = ERANGE; alg_result = INT_MIN; goto alg_cleanup; } if (!alg_condition) break; mid = alg_min(alg_add(left, width, &alg_error), n); if (alg_error) { errno = ERANGE; alg_result = INT_MIN; goto alg_cleanup; } right = alg_min(alg_add(left, alg_mul(2, width, &alg_error), &alg_error), n); if (alg_error) { errno = ERANGE; alg_result = INT_MIN; goto alg_cleanup; } i = left; if (alg_error) { errno = ERANGE; alg_result = INT_MIN; goto alg_cleanup; } j = mid; if (alg_error) { errno = ERANGE; alg_result = INT_MIN; goto alg_cleanup; } k = left; if (alg_error) { errno = ERANGE; alg_result = INT_MIN; goto alg_cleanup; } while (1) { int alg_condition = (k < right); if (alg_error) { errno = ERANGE; alg_result = INT_MIN; goto alg_cleanup; } if (!alg_condition) break; int alg_condition_1 = ((i < mid) && ((j >= right) || (a[i] <= a[j]))); if (alg_error) { errno = ERANGE; alg_result = INT_MIN; goto alg_cleanup; } if (alg_condition_1) { buf[k] = a[i]; if (alg_error) { errno = ERANGE; alg_result = INT_MIN; goto alg_cleanup; } i = alg_add(i, 1, &alg_error); if (alg_error) { errno = ERANGE; alg_result = INT_MIN; goto alg_cleanup; } } else { buf[k] = a[j]; if (alg_error) { errno = ERANGE; alg_result = INT_MIN; goto alg_cleanup; } j = alg_add(j, 1, &alg_error); if (alg_error) { errno = ERANGE; alg_result = INT_MIN; goto alg_cleanup; } } k = alg_add(k, 1, &alg_error); if (alg_error) { errno = ERANGE; alg_result = INT_MIN; goto alg_cleanup; } } left = alg_add(left, alg_mul(2, width, &alg_error), &alg_error); if (alg_error) { errno = ERANGE; alg_result = INT_MIN; goto alg_cleanup; } } i = 0; if (alg_error) { errno = ERANGE; alg_result = INT_MIN; goto alg_cleanup; } while (1) { int alg_condition = (i < n); if (alg_error) { errno = ERANGE; alg_result = INT_MIN; goto alg_cleanup; } if (!alg_condition) break; a[i] = buf[i]; if (alg_error) { errno = ERANGE; alg_result = INT_MIN; goto alg_cleanup; } i = alg_add(i, 1, &alg_error); if (alg_error) { errno = ERANGE; alg_result = INT_MIN; goto alg_cleanup; } } width = alg_mul(width, 2, &alg_error); if (alg_error) { errno = ERANGE; alg_result = INT_MIN; goto alg_cleanup; } } alg_result = 0; if (alg_error) { errno = ERANGE; alg_result = INT_MIN; goto alg_cleanup; } goto alg_cleanup; alg_cleanup: free(buf); return alg_result; } int main(void) { int a[] = {5, 1, 3, 1}; int result = merge_sort(a, 4); printf("%d\n", result); for (int z = 0; z < 4; z++) printf("%d ", a[z]); printf("\n"); // Expected a: [1, 1, 3, 5] if (errno) { perror("algorithm"); return 1; } return 0; } |
