Brian Kernighan Population Count in C#

using System;
// Brian Kernighan Population Count in C#
//
// PURPOSE
// The expression n AND (n-1) clears the lowest set bit. Repeating it counts the ones in a
// nonnegative integer without visiting zero bits individually.
//
// METHOD
// Clear one set bit per iteration and increment the counter. The loop stops exactly when all
// original set bits have been removed.
//
// COMPLEXITY
// O(k) iterations for k set bits and O(1) auxiliary space under fixed-width arithmetic.
//
// CONTRACT
// n must be nonnegative. Negative integers have different width/sign behavior between
// languages and are excluded.
// Public APIs infer array lengths except in C, which accepts pointer/length pairs. Vertex
// counts and matrix dimensions remain explicit. Arrays must contain signed 32-bit integers.
// Sorted order, correct tree topology, and caller-owned data-structure invariants are
// preconditions; checking them on every query would change query complexity.
// Scalar and shape checks are included. Value-range checks are included where needed to
// prevent invalid indexing or nontermination. Allocation sizes are capped at 4,000,000
// workspace entries. Arithmetic outside Python raises an error on 32-bit overflow; Python
// uses arbitrary precision. Native allocation failures propagate. In-place outputs may be
// partly updated after arithmetic failure. These are single-threaded, in-memory
// implementations.
//
// LANGUAGE DETAILS
// C# / .NET 10: ReadOnlySpan<int> inputs, Span<int> outputs, primitive workspace arrays,
// Array.BinarySearch for LIS, and checked integer arithmetic. Invalid arguments and overflow
// throw exceptions.
//
// EXAMPLE
// Expected return: 0.
// Run: Use Program.cs in a net10.0 console project; dotnet run.
// Tests for this exact source artifact run before publication. The accompanying source
// archive includes unit cases, runtime results, and source hashes.

class Program {
    static void alg_require(bool valid) { if (!valid) throw new ArgumentException("invalid algorithm input"); }
    static int alg_size(int n) { alg_require(n>=0 && n<=4000000); return n; }

    static int population_count(int n) {
        checked {
            alg_require((n >= 0));
            int count = 0;
            while ((n != 0)) {
                n = (n & (n - 1));
                count = (count + 1);
            }
            return count;
        }
    }

    static void Main() {
        int n = 0;
        int result = population_count(n);
        Console.WriteLine(result);
    }
}